Feminism And The Criminal Justice System - 1753 Words

Chapter 10 According to Lilly, Cullen, and Ball (232) Feminist theory has been on the back burner of modern criminology until the late 19th century. As with the other criminology theories there are many thoughts and ideas on why females commit crimes. In the beginning the theories seem to revolve around the victimization of the female gender. Then criminologist took a look at female delinquency, prostitution, and gender inequality in the criminal justice system. Lilly (233) wrote that Lombroso used physiological traits to determine what type of women would commit crime. Lombroso also argued that the women that committed the most crime were more masculine then the women who did not commit crime. He used physiological immobility, and passivity to make the argument. Lilly (235) also wrote that Sigmund Freud believed the reason women committed crime was because they has â€Å"penis envy†. Since women were physical different than men, women would become more aggressive trying to ac t like the male counterpart in order to fit in with the status quo. Liberal feminism wanted to integrate women into modern day society. The argument was that social problems were mostly caused by the ignorance and social constraints of freedom of choice for women. The inequality in gender resulted from the socialization that forces everyone to grow up with the wrong ideas that men and women cannot choose how to live their own lives. They have been taught from the beginning of life that men and women areShow MoreRelatedGender and Crime Essay946 Words   |  4 Pageswoman or a man by no means always straightforward. Since such roles and customs can vary and be modified it follows that masculine and feminine the terms applied to the respective genders are much more flexible than female and male. Feminism has raised many uncomfortable questions for criminologist and has been critical of mainstream criminology for its gender-neutral focus and its exclusion of women. When the female was considered, she was generally seen as being inferiorRead MoreSocial Reaction Theory And Feminist Theory Of Crimes1476 Words   |  6 Pagesmore contradictorily by the criminal justice system. Here, I will explain these various theories with more attention on how they thoroughly transformed the way that the crime and law were viewed. Both theories had become popular in the 1960’s and the 1970’s due to the society looking for theories that fixed the blame for criminal offending on government authorities. These theories also both share a common theme, by accentuating the use of the criminal justice system to target or label certain typesRead More Gender Politics in the Criminal Justice System Essay4043 Words   |  17 PagesThe United States criminal justice system, an outwardly fair organization of integrity and justice, is a perfect example of a seemingly equal situation, which turns out to be anything but for women. The policies imposed in the criminal justice system affect men and women in extremely dissimilar manners. I plan to examine how gender intersects with the understanding of crime and the criminal justice system. Gender plays a significant role in understanding who commits what types of crimes, why theyRead MoreCriminology : A Social And Political Movement3263 Words   |  14 PagesMar xism, functionalism, labelling theory and sub cultural theories. During the 19th Century feminism was introduced with multiple feminist perspectives such as, traditional feminism, radical feminism, Marxist feminism and black feminism. Each theory involves different approaches to female criminality, gender inequalities and women’s oppression (Burgess, 2006). Feminism first arrived with ‘first wave feminism,’ which involved the suffragette movement, bringing about female rights to vote and genderRead MoreEssay about Sociological Analysis of Sexual Assault1554 Words   |  7 Pagesno longer used in Canadian criminal law) is an act of violence that is a criminal offence under the federal Criminal Code of Canada. The Criminal Code is constantly being amended by the federal Canadian Parliament, as well as interpreted by court cases. A victim of a sexual assault (sexualized violence) may also bring a private action called a civil suit, suing the person who assaulted her or him for money damages.This cause of action is distinguishable from a criminal action, which is defined byRead MoreEssay on Feminist Criminology3530 Words   |  15 Pageswhereas the deviant as aggressive, defiant, sexually impulsive, becomingly adult and even masculine in nature. (Law.jrank.org/pages1218/feminist criminology) It is argued by feminists that these views have stayed in the psyche of those in the criminal justice system despite the fact that over the years much research has challenged and discredited these antiquated views, theses perceptions still linger which in turn has meant that as victims or perpetrators of crime, women have been and still are discriminatedRead MoreCriminology : A Strange Beast1582 Words   |  7 Pagesnot only a wide variety but are also highly thought provoking and when though about critically allow for interesting and frustrating debates. In this essay the main theories of Criminology which will be focused on will include: the Chicago School, Feminism, Classicism and Positivism. This essay will also explore the media and how it contorts certain aspects of crime and defame certain offenders more than others based on several different factors. Finally this essay will consider the roles that differentRead MoreWhite Defendants When The Victim Was White914 Words   |  4 Pagesand dehumanize Black persons culture. This piece will examine how gender and race interconnects with the perception of what is considered criminal intent and the justice system. Gender acts on as an important task in recognizing who commit what sorts of crimes, why they carry out so, who is frequently wronged, and most importantly how the criminal justice system take actions to these victims and wrongdoers. How the many racial occurrences shape they way our society is structured and what impact itRead MoreDescribe the Basis of Feminist Criminology1013 Words   |  5 Pagesthat criminology from its beginnings focused on the male criminal and the unlawful acts they committed. When in the fact it could be argued female crime was studied as far back as 1800s, female criminal activity, its causes and the effects in which it placed on public opinion were often disregarded. Over the past 20 years, there has been a significantly different approach in how females are being dealt wit h inside the criminal justice system. This has been the result of a more broadening law enforcementRead MoreThe Theories Of Crime Causation Essay1414 Words   |  6 Pagesstates that the individual will have certain traits will be transmitted from parent to children through genetics and not from social learning. Along with the juvenile having similar facial characteristics, which some believe also predisposes them to criminal behavior (Palmerin, 2012). 2. Rational choice theory states that the person will make sensible and reasonable decisions that will benefit or gratify their interest; therefore the juvenile will choose a behavior that will encourage them to either

Knowledge Acquisition Free Essays

Knowledge is obtained through different sources. Personal experiences, tradition, authority and intuition are factors in helping one acquire knowledge. In the human services discipline, these areas are essential in learning how knowledge is attained. We will write a custom essay sample on Knowledge Acquisition or any similar topic only for you Order Now Carper’s (1978) four types of knowledge best explain how personal experiences, tradition, authority and intuitions are essential in knowledge acquisition. First and foremost, ethical knowledge pertains to moral issues and one’s judgment based on professional principles and values. Intuition usually tells an individual when an action or event is deemed acceptable by society or not. In the field of human services, it is important to know what is morally good and bad and this can be considered as the strength of ethical knowledge. It helps a human services practitioner determine the action that would result to the improvement of the person’s well-being. However, this is contrary to the characteristics of science which entitles one to be objective wherein biases or value judgments are removed from the scientific process. Human services is a science wherein knowledge is obtained through systematic observations (Monette, Sullivan De Jong in Hutchison, 2003). Second, aesthetic knowledge is concerned with the art of the disciplines. These arts may be in the form of a systematic process that a practitioner follows in her field (Carper in Walsh and Wigens, 2003). In this case, it can be perceived that the discipline of human services is rigid and static. On the contrary, as a science, it is an open-ended practice wherein discoveries and ideas continue to occur over time. Tradition best exemplifies this case wherein negates the idea that remains the same over time rather, it is dynamic. Third, personal knowledge is obtained from one’s experiences and interactions with his environment (Carper in Walsh and Wigens, 2003).   Personal experiences help one acquire values and biases that he applies to his daily life. It can be argued that personal knowledge cannot be a basis for knowledge because it is not systematic and not based on empirical findings. However, in the discipline of human services, this type of knowledge is essential in understanding behavior and actions of individuals. Lastly, empirical knowledge is based on observations and experimentations. In other words, it is founded on hard data and it is considered a fact. It is acknowledge that the field of human services is a science that strongly relies on empirical data. Since it is such, it is also a transformative process or a never-ending cycle that is constantly tested and questioned (Monette, Sullivan De Jong in Hutchison, 2003). Facts and information are constantly updated in order to make them more accurate and correct. This is needed in the field of human services because human behavior actions and their meanings are not static. Overall, the four types of knowledge that is applied in the discipline of human services complements and is further reinforced by the characteristics of science. Its being a science does not contradict knowledge acquisition, rather, it strengthens the field in terms of dynamicity, accurateness and precision in gathering information and data. References Hutchison, Elizabeth. (2003). Dimensions of Human Behaviour: Person and Environment. UK: Sage Publications. Walsh, Mark and Lynne Wigens. (2003). Introduction to Research. UK: Nelson Thornes. How to cite Knowledge Acquisition, Essay examples

History of Anthropology Essay Example For Students

History of Anthropology Essay In the history of anthropology I have learned many new theories I have never known before, there are a great many objectives and thoughts that I had never even knew existed before. Learning about the history of anthropology has opened my mind of thinking in all these different schools of thoughts. One thing that has shocked me is that I have learned the early evolutionists had never done fieldwork, but would make assumptions. The person that has shocked me the most is the theories Herbert Spencer. He saw the different classes of the British Empire and he wanted to know how to classify them, which is normal. He came up with a cellular difference, the rich have intelligent cells and the poor have sex cells, this seems ridiculous to me. Spencer says the only thing that should matter to the poor is survival of the fittest, why waste public money and health benefits on them when they dont do anything. The right way out of the poor to Spencer is suicide. The things he says are so unbelieva ble, they have no truth, or any type of evidence to back it, because of the fact that early evolutionist did no fieldwork. The next thing that has surprised me is the progress that appears after the enlightenment. Condorlet wrote mankind is perfectible and can progress through the expression of genius. Malthus says Condorlet was wrong, he says humanity will go down because of consumption, like food. These two theories seem a little bit strange to me. Condorlets theory makes sense, but what can he say about the rest of the people? Not everyone can be a Leonardo Da Vinci. Malthus worked out his theories with some type of mathematics, but his conclusion are not likely to happen and we are living proof, so what type of math did he do?The last thing that has surprised me is the importance of Franz Boaz. In previous Anthropology classes I have had, there was little or no mention of this name. Considering he is called the father of Anthropology and he created the four sub-fields I thought I would have know more about him from previous classes. In addition, he also formally invented ethnographies and doing fieldwork, which is a big step in Anthropology because nowadays all Anthropologists do fieldwork. Also, some of the anthropology professors make you read ethnographies and they never really explained the origin of ethnographies. It also amazes me on how the so-called father of Anthropology became and Anthropologist. He was a naturalist studying the color of seawater in the Baltic Sea. From studying this he stumbled into Anthropology and has made it a growing social science. One of his early students was Margaret Mead. She has written books about the teenage girls on the island of Samoa. Her work on this island was what gave her her fame. A man by the name of Morgan Freeman showed her work to be wrong. This was kind of funny, because Anthropologists had split views, which made the crossfire more interesting. There is a great deal of things in Anthropology that can surprise and shock people. By learning more and more about it you can either clear your head or just confuse it, which is for the person to decide. Learning more and more has cleared my head in some ways, but there is a little cloud still overhead. Bibliography:

Nikola Tesla Essays - Wireless Energy Transfer,

Nikola Tesla My great grandmother was born on September 30, 1895 in Strum, Wisconsin, and used to tell us the most important invention for the home, in her lifetime, was the clothes washing machine. Now history always seems to make the present era seem more civilized, when in fact, it is probably only cleaner, thanks to my grandmother's favorite invention. But, I wonder if it is easier. Certainly, there were many patents issued in the 1880's for inventions that truly would change the lives of future generations, and a handful of these amazing contrivances would have a great impact on that which is truly important to an industrialized nation: the machinery that speeds business, business being the true backbone of a country, but to a country girl whose family depended on farming, the clothes washing machine still stands out as the one that saved her the most time. So this essay will delve into the era of the 1880's and focus on one of the most important inventors that ever lived, Nikola Tesla. Many business machines were patented before Nikola Tesla patented the alternating-current electromagnetic motor in 1888 (while the popular Thomas Edison was stubbornly clinging to direct-current motors), but soon more and more inventors were realizing this new source of harnessed power could bring glorious miracles to business, thus providing them with even more glorious profits. But first, the washing machine, truly in honor of my great grandmother, who will be 105 years old this year. Before the days of washing machines, people got dirt out of their clothes by pounding them on rocks and washing the dirt away in streams. Sand was used as an abrasive to free the dirt. Soap was discovered at Rome's Sapo Hill where ashes containing the fat of sacrificial animals were found to have good cleaning powers. The earliest washing machine - the scrub board - was invented in 1797. In 1874 William Blackstone, a Bluffton, Indiana merchant and manufacturer of corn planters, built a birthday present for his wife. It was a machine that removed and washed away dirt from clothes. It consisted of a wooden tub in which there was a flat piece of wood containing six small wooden pegs. The inner mechanism looked something like a small milking stool. It was moved back and forth by means of a handle and an arrangement of gears. Dirty clothes were snagged on the wooden pegs and swished about in hot soapy water. Mr. Blackstone began to build and sell his washers for $2.50 each. Five years later he moved his company to Jamestown, New York where it is located today and where it still produces washing machines. Competitors moved in quickly - there have been more than 200 washing machine manufacturers in the U.S. in the past century. Competition has kept keep prices down. Many early washing machines cost less than $10. A wringer, invented in 1861, was added to the washer. Metal tubs replaced wooden types around 1900. Drive belts made possible use of steam or gasoline engines in the early 1900s and electric motor power for the first time in 1906. A rotary handle and a flywheel underneath operated Maytag's first washer, built in 1907. In 1875 there had been more than 2,000 patents issued for various washing devices. Not every idea worked, of course. One company built a machine designed to wash only one item at a time. What may have been the first laundromat was opened in 1851 by a gold miner and a carpenter in California. 10 donkeys powered their 12-shirt machine. Earliest washers were hand powered by means of a wheel, pump handle, or similar device. One was driven by twisted ropes that powered the washer by unwinding somewhat like the use of a rubber band to power model airplanes. One washer contained rollers that were pushed back and forth by hand to squeeze out dirt. Several featured stomping devices and one - called a Loca-motive was moved rapidly back and forth on a track washing the clothes by slamming them against the walls of the tub. Now, a little about that inventor, Nikola Tesla: NikolaTesla was born in Smijlan, Croatia in 1856. He had an extraordinary memory and spoke

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures

Mapusaurus - Facts and Figures Name: Mapusaurus (indigenous/Greek for earth lizard); pronounced MAP-oo-SORE-us Habitat: Woodlands of South America Historical Period: Middle Cretaceous (100 million years ago) Size and Weight: About 40 feet long and three tons Diet: Meat Distinguishing Characteristics: Large size; serrated teeth; powerful legs and tail About Mapusaurus Mapusaurus was discovered all at once, and in a big heapan excavation in South America in 1995 that yielded hundreds of jumbled bones, which required years of work by paleontologists to sort out and analyze. It wasnt until 2006 that the official diagnosis of Mapusaurus was released to the press: this middle Cretaceous menace was a 40-foot-long, three-ton theropod (i.e., meat-eating dinosaur) closely related to the even bigger Giganotosaurus. (Technically, both Mapusaurus and Giganotosaurus are classified as carcharodontosaurid theropods, meaning theyre both also related to Carcharodontosaurus, the great white shark lizard of middle Cretaceous Africa.) Interestingly, the fact that so many Mapusaurus bones were discovered jumbled together (amounting to seven individuals of different ages) can be taken as evidence of herd, or pack, behaviorthat is, this meat-eater may have hunted cooperatively in order to take down the huge titanosaurs that shared its South American habitat (or at least the juveniles of these titanosaurs, since a fully grown, 100-ton Argentinosaurus would have been virtually immune from predation). On the other hand, a flash flood or other natural disaster could also have resulted in a significant accumulation of unrelated Mapusaurus individuals, so this pack-hunting hypothesis should be taken with a big grain of prehistoric salt!

The History of Cable Cars and Electric Streetcars

The History of Cable Cars and Electric Streetcars San Franciscan Andrew Smith Hallidie patented the first cable car on January 17, 1861, sparing many horses the excruciating work of moving people up the citys steep roadways. Using metal ropes he had patented, Hallidie devised a mechanism by which cars were drawn by an endless cable running in a slot between the rails which passed over a steam-driven shaft in the powerhouse. The First Cable Railway After gathering financial backing, Hallidie and his associates constructed the first cable railway. The track ran from the intersection of Clay and Kearny Streets along 2,800 feet of track to the crest of a hill 307 feet above the starting point. At 5:00 on the morning of August 1, 1873, a few nervous men climbed aboard the cable car as it stood on the hilltop. With Hallidie at the controls, the car descended and arrived safely at the bottom. Given San Franciscos steep terrain, the cable car came to define the city. Writing in 1888, Harriet Harper declared: If anyone should ask me what I consider the most distinctive, progressive feature of California, I should answer promptly: its cable car system. And it is not alone its system which seems to have reached a point of perfection, but the amazing length of the ride that is given you for the chink of a nickel. I have circled this city of San Francisco, I have gone the length of three separate cable lines (by means of the proper transfers) for this smallest of Southern coins. The success of the San Francisco line led to the expansion of that system and the introduction of street railways in many other cities. Most U.S. municipalities had abandoned horse-drawn cars for electrically powered cars by the 1920s. The Omnibus The first mass transportation vehicle in America was an omnibus. It looked like a stagecoach and was pulled by horses. The first omnibus to operate in America began running up and down Broadway in New York City in 1827. It was owned by Abraham Brower, who also helped organize the first fire department in New York. There had long been horse-drawn carriages in America to take people where they wanted to go. What was new and different about the omnibus was that it ran along a certain designated route and charged a very low fare. People who wanted to get on would wave their hands in the air. The driver sat on a bench on top of the omnibus at the front, like a stagecoach driver. When people who were riding inside wanted to get off the omnibus, they pulled on a little leather strap. The leather strap was connected to the ankle of the person who was driving the omnibus. Horse-drawn omnibuses ran in America cities from 1826 until about 1905. The Streetcar The streetcar was the first important improvement over the omnibus. The first streetcars were also pulled by horses, but the streetcars rolled along special steel rails that were placed in the middle of the roadway instead of traveling along regular streets. The wheels of the streetcar were also made of steel, carefully manufactured in such a way so they would not roll off the rails. A horse-drawn streetcar was much more comfortable than an omnibus, and a single horse could pull a streetcar that was larger and carried more passengers. The first streetcar began service in 1832 and ran along Bowery Street in New York. It was owned John Mason, a wealthy banker, and built by John Stephenson, an Irishman.  Stephensons New York company would become the largest and most famous builder of horse-drawn streetcars. New Orleans became the second American city to offer streetcars in 1835. The typical American streetcar was operated by two crew members. One man, a driver, rode up front. His job was to drive the horse, controlled by a set of reigns. The driver also had a brake handle that he could use to stop the streetcar. When streetcars got bigger, sometimes two and three horses would be used to haul a single car. The second crew member was the conductor, who rode at the back of the car. His job was to help passengers get on and off the streetcar and to collect their fares. He gave the driver a signal when everyone was on board and it was safe to proceed, pulling on a rope that was attached to a bell that the driver could hear at the other end of the car.   Hallidie’s Cable Car The first major attempt to develop a machine that could replace horses on Americas streetcar lines was the cable car in 1873. Converting streetcar lines from horse cars to cable cars required digging a ditch between the rails and building a chamber under the track from one end of the line to the other. This chamber was called a vault. When the vault was finished, a small opening was left at the top. A long cable was placed inside the vault. The cable ran under city streets from one end of  the streetcar line to the other. The cable was spliced into a big loop and was kept moving by a huge steam engine with massive wheels and pulleys located in a powerhouse at the side of the street. The cable cars themselves were equipped with a device that extended down below the car into the vault and allowed the operator of the car to latch onto the moving cable when he wanted the car to go. He could release the cable when he wanted the car to stop. There were many pulleys and wheels inside the vault to make sure the cable was able to go around corners, as well as up and down hills. Although the first cable cars ran in San Francisco, the largest and busiest fleet of cable cars was in Chicago. Most large American cities had one or more cable car lines by 1890. Trolley Cars Frank Sprague  installed a complete system of electric streetcars in Richmond, Virginia, in 1888. This was the first large-scale and successful use of electricity to run a citys entire system of streetcars. Sprague was born in Connecticut in 1857. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland in 1878 and began a career as a naval officer. He resigned from the navy in 1883 and went to work for Thomas Edison. Many cities turned to electric-powered streetcars after 1888. To get electricity to the streetcars from the powerhouse where it was generated, an overhead wire was installed over streets. A streetcar would touch this electric wire with a long pole on its roof. Back at the powerhouse, big steam engines would turn huge generators to produce the electricity needed to operate the streetcars. A new name was soon developed for streetcars powered by electricity: trolley cars.

Management research methods Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Management research methods - Assignment Example However, from the point of view of the consumers, it is of vital concern that the personal motivations that prompt them to make better use of the internet as shopping venue be ascertained. While many, if not all, the products sold online are also available from brick and mortar stores and other conventional venues such as through the televised home shopping network, the motivations for customers to purchase online appears to be influenced by a special set of factors which pertains exclusively to the online technology. The individual must have a strong sense of confidence in trusting the system, because (1) he/she has not physically examined the product he/she is actually buying, only being able to view a product replica on his/her monitor or screen; (2) he/she is transacting with a business entity he/she only sees onscreen, and which may be located elsewhere on the globe. Without a physical store to go to, he or she may not know how to reach the vendor if his/her claim is unsatisfied ; (3) the customer has to have his/her payment transmitted before delivery of the purchased item, thus sending the cash through electronic means is a leap of faith; and (4) release of the customer’s bank account or credit card number is a risky act which may be the source of identity fraud and electronic theft. These are significant issues to which high risks are attached, and savvy consumers will be usually cautious about engaging in these acts. It is therefore the result of strong motivational forces that consumers would agree to undertaking these risks in order to shop online. The survey conducted here therefore has the specific purpose of determining what the important factors are that influence an individual’s desire to purchase items online, despite the attendant risks. Design of the survey The survey is designed to be answered by respondents who have personally transacted a purchase over the internet. The respondents may be of any age, of either gender, and of a ny walk of life. The only disqualifying attribute is if the individual has not experienced purchasing something over the internet. In this sense, internet or online shopping includes all e-commerce facilities for retail customers online, from ordering merchandise from particular retailers, to buying something from other customers in online auctions such as the e-Bay site. The population thus includes everybody who has shopped online at least once. The size of the sample is ideally one that is representative; however, since internet shopping involves an indeterminate number of people, most likely running into the hundreds of thousands or millions with multiple transactions, then it is difficult to ascertain a representative number. The survey should therefore aim for a large number, and from observing the sample sizes shown in the different academic studies, a good number would be 250 to 350 respondents. It is also important to make sure that the locations surveyed represent as equal ly as possible all the area intended to be covered by the study. The sample selection method must ensure the highest chances of getting a representative sample, while ensuring that the intended respondents are reached and their existence and qualifications verified. Inasmuch as those who are qualified to respond to this survey are those who are exposed to and confident

Film analysis on the film a league of their own Research Paper

Film analysis on the film a league of their own - Research Paper Example In their absence baseball had no future and its suspension was on the cards. In this delirious time Philip K. Wrigley who was the owner of Chicago Cubs thought of a solution to keep baseball alive in America. He proposed an idea which was the All American Girls Softball League which would be a booster for the men coming home from war service. This league ended up being transformed into a pro baseball league for girls in America. 2 This film revolves around two sisters from Oregon who play baseball passionately. Then Ernie Capadino is sent to recruit players from various cities of America. Capadino visits a softball game in rural  Oregon and likes a catcher called Dottie (Genna Davis). The recruiter offers her a tryout, but she refuses as she is in favor of working in her family’s dairy farm. Kit who is an ambitious girl and little sister of Dottie is all up to try for the series. After a few debacles various recruited girls get to Chicago where Jimmy Duggan (Tom Hanks) is set to be their manager. This enthralling movie is a historical tale of two sisters that join the first women’s baseball league and struggle to help it succeed amidst their own growing rivalry. This movie provides a recap on various historical points. This film works brilliantly historically because it addresses quite a few things. The main historical points made in the movie are the setting of the movie, the ending of the men’s baseball league, the initiation of a women’s league, recruiting of women from various places and also the league’s popularity. The league began in 1943 during the ongoing World War II among the superpowers of the world. The absence of the men from the baseball circuit proved to be a threat to the game’s cessation in a country where the game was a favorite leisurely activity. The film also rightly describes the historical event of talented women being recruited from around the country.

The different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters Essay Example for Free

The different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters Essay Evaluate the different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters in the case study. What are the strengths and weaknesses of the leadership displayed at County General? The purpose of this essay is to evaluate the different approaches to leadership adopted by the characters at County General in the case study. I will apply appropriate leadership theory I will also explain what are the strengths and weaknesses of the leadership displayed within the Hospital. The essay will finish with a conclusion in which I will summarise all findings and clearly show all major factors to consider suggestions for improvement within the hospital administrative staff. According to Mullins (1999) Leadership can be defined it is a relationship through which one person influences the behaviour or actions of other people. Leadership is related to the process of communication, interpersonal behaviour and motivation. Successful leadership is a two way process which influences both individual and organisational performance and importantly reduces employees dissatisfaction. Leadership is vitally important at all levels within County General Hospital, being from the Admin Director (Bill Humphreys) to the junior Admin staff. There are various approaches to leadership that have been identified in the hospital. Daphne had worked herself up in the hierarchy, hence has roughly 30 years experience. As the Senior Administration Manager (SAM) for Surgury, she was feared and worshipped by her staff. If provoked she could be vicious and give you the most unpleasant time. On the contrary, she did run a quite efficient department. Under the Blake and Moutons leadership grid, the authority compliance management seems to relate to Daphne as she has a great concern in the efficiency of production and little concern for her staff. She also seems like the theory X manager as she controls, directs and threatens people with punishment through exercising authority to achieve objectives. Senior admin Manager (SAM) for Radiology Jack recognised that the admin staff need to be appreciated as they were undervalued Admin staff dont feel like they are valued by either the hospital or the public. The other senior employees had identified that Admin staffs dont feel either the hospital or the public values them. It was also identified when they deal directly with the public they are the ones who receive a verbal beating if things didnt go right. Earlier ideas of tacky certificates, a photocopied letter from the Chief Executive of the Hospital Trust which employed them or a photograph in the Hospital newsletter were unproductive and did not improve morale and team spirit as primarily the admin staff did not really benefit from these schemes they saw them as empty gestures. Therefore Where they help out above and beyond the call of duty the helping hands initiative was introduced as a reward scheme given to the administration staff for basically showing them how much the hospital appreciates them. Jacks admin staff liked him, and he believed that money wasnt everything through that he showed a strong sense of morality and duty. Due to this Jack gives the impression of a McGregors Theory Y manager as he has tried to create opportunity for his staff to develop their own responsibility through the idea of job enrichment and motivation. Blake and Mouton also suggest that managers with high concern for production and a high concern for people characterise the most effective leadership style. Jack also seems to be a structural leader featuring in the Four Framework Approach suggested by Bolman and Deal. As he focuses on structure, strategy, implementation, experimentation and adaptation of the Helping Hands Initiative for the workers. The types of leadership seemed different in every department, but As Daphne had a reputation for being able to keep calm in a crisis. It also appeared that as long as her department was running smoothly she wasnt concerned about the others. She says Dont be so melodramatic and states You just need to make sure you keep all you medics and PAMs in line like I do saying its an improvement for her staff as they can understand what to do in any given role within her department. Job rotation was firmly supported by staff as they thought it would give them a greater understanding of the departments operations Before admin staff reported to one manager but under the new reorganisation they were put into teams and were supported by all staff by a particular area of the departments. As a result the staff were responsive to whoever was in charge of the area. This could be anyone from a consultant to a PAM or an administrator. Accordingly the problem develop into reporting responsibilities, everyone thought that they were in charge. The junior admin staff are getting pulled in six different directions at once. staff unauthorised absences went up 20% and the best admin officers handed in their resignations. Furthermore the staff in the A E became so disorganised from the reorganisation that they were becoming experts in crisis management As stated by John Adair and his ideas of Action centred leadership; within the work group the three key areas that need to be met are the following: Task Team maintenance Individual needs The reward will motivate employees on two fronts as it will satisfy their needs in two forms their Intrinsic and Extrinsic motivations. It satisfies the extrinsic motivation because it is related to tangible rewards such as, the work environment, conditions of work, salary, security, promotion, and contract of service. These tangible rewards are often established at the organisational level and may be in principal outside the control of individual managers. It satisfies these to a lesser extent because they are given a rewarding benefit of a tangible reward i.e.weekend break at a health spa, or return flights for two in Paris, or Marks Spencer vouchers, or a subsidised night out for the section they work in, or any number of things. Intrinsic motivation is when an activity is satisfying or pleasurable in and of itself; it is linked to psychological rewards such as chance to use one ability, a sense of challenge and success, receiving appreciation, and positive recognition, and being treated in a caring and understanding manner. The psychological rewards are those that can generally be determined by the actions and behaviour of individual managers. Intrinsic rewards are available now through the recognition they will receive by winning the reward. The all feel excited by possibility and challenge of winning the award and receiving recognition for their caring work that they felt for so long they have not been receiving. Leadership was not organised enough as they now also started to include Central Services on to the reward as well. In the case of Brenda however she set a new precedent by deliberately choosing to ignore the social relationships within the department in return for a personal reward. Some of the staff now thought it would generate level of distrust within the teams and disrupt the team spirit that they sought hard to develop. Therefore this shows that others in her department thought she did not really deserve the award, she was also the first one to choosing the option of health spa for herself whilst the previous winners chose an option with their admin colleagues. Basically staff will not get motivated in their job roles if they believe that the award being handed to an undeserving person. Also the fact that previous award was shared and not this one may lead to team is isolating that member thus fragmenting the team. This will lead to the team morale and maintenance needs being affected in adverse way due to the initiative. Lastly I will summarise all findings and clearly show all major factors that will influence the motivation of the administrative team deriving from the initiative. My main findings are that leadership can only be improved with the hospital by better organisation and the leader will need to interrelate the demand of the task and the team as well as those of individual members. This means being directive when it is necessary; giving praise and constructive feedback when people need it; ensuring everyone and everything it operating to its full potential. This includes that they are clear about their objectives. The initiative works as a satisfier and gives staff the feeling of recognition and accomplishment it also motivates staff by rewarding them in a way, which improves employee morale. The feeling that staff gained by the award felt them will feeling of self-fulfilment.

War and Peaceful Fables :: Stories War Peace Essays

War and Peaceful Fables War stories, fantasy stories, sci-fi and simplistic fable stories, the list trails on like fans behind a famous actor. From books or movies to computer games and music videos, the element of story penetrates a broad array of interests; the public longs for engaging stories and seeks them in any form they can. Keeping this in mind, please do not be shocked when I state that gruesome war stories and simple fables are, in principle, one in the same. Of course, I dont deny that one form of story may be more preferable for readers. However, we can know that the meaning of story (a written work that shows character and the motivations that spring from it) puts such extremely different stories and genres on the same plane. In The Things They Carried, Tim OBriens mastery of the concept of character comes through to us clearly. He portrays Lieutenant Jimmy Crosss inner struggles and unpredictable actions in such a way that we can identify with himeven though the lieutenants character comes out under the stress of war, and ours may not. Just like many an average person, Lieutenant Cross adds to his burden, physical and mental, by carrying pictures and letters from his love, Martha. He knows she really doesnt love him, but, from the pressure of war, he turns by default to the comfort of his far away love, countering the harsh reality. The second sentence of the selection of The Things They Carried begins with, They were not love letters, but Lieutenant Cross was hoping (706). This quote shows what the letters meant to Cross, and why he carried them. He and the other men cling to material things in this mannerwhether it be love or dope, tranquilizers or too much ammunition, or even slingshots and comic book s. Doesnt this seem a silly thing for soldiers to do? Maybe. But their reactions to war are certainly realistic. OBrien continues to expand character throughout the piece. In the lieutenants mind, the pressure and even pointlessness of war grows with its morbidity and loss. But it was not a battle, just an endless march without purpose (713). OBrien continues this prose with revealing that the men would often discard things. Purely for comfort they would throw away rations (713). But no matter how they discarded the objects that they needed physically, it was so difficult to shed the emotional weight They carried all the baggage of men who might die (716).

Janet Laurence Biography

Janet Laurence is a contemporary Australian artist, who is well known for her passionate connection with the environment. Laurence’s fascination in the nexus between science and art, has profoundly displayed human’s relationship towards nature. Janet Laurence explores the limits of art by converging extreme practices such as science, memory, imagination and insanity. She displays this by her confronting organic use of materials and subject matter. Laurence carefully considers her use of metaphors in her artwork.Each piece of artwork contains a dark meaning or message towards her audience. Laurence displays powerful political messages through her passionate concerns with the environment. Janet Laurence’s subject matter and process has changed vastly over the years, Janet changes her artwork’s themes according to her personal concerns and changes in the environment. Her aims as an artist are to up rise empathy and compassion from her audience. Janet Laurence uses the Australian landscape as a metaphor, as a warning regarding the fragility of our environment.Her work is symbolic of the fragility of nature, Janet Lawrence demonstrates this in a metaphorical way through her concern with the landscape and natural world. By getting glimpses of nature through the use of acrylic or glass could be compared to a looking glass which could be understood as seeing into a secret place. Janet Lawrence is also interested in the connection between space and the environment, this concept is a metaphorical example used within her practice as a comparison to scientific practices.Janet uses an assortment of practices including; installation, photography, painting and sculpting. She is commonly known for her public commissions and architectural collaborations. Laurence’s artworks are created in response to specific sites or environments that have powerful meanings behind them. Laurence creates artworks in response to a specific life form or environm ent. She achieves this by using a diverse selection of materials such as plants, mineral materials and animals. Another example of her own individual use of unconventional materials comprise of glass, lead, ash and fur.Janet incorporates dead specimens such as owls and eggs to explain the living and a way of presenting an almost museum approach. Each artwork is a reminder that all living life forms are interconnected and have a relationship with each other. Laurence has displayed this through her choice of diverse materials, colours and technique. Janet Laurence’s concern about Australia’s environmental health is extremely evident in her artwork. One of my favorite artworks is â€Å"Plants eye view†. This artwork recently won the $40,000 Glover Prize for landscapes.This award is very significant in Australian art history as Janet Laurence is the first female artists to be awarded the prize. The artwork is a multi-dimensional mirror and acrylic display. A judge f rom the Glover prize council quotes â€Å"The work is very beautiful from the point of view of colour. † The artwork consists of numerous shades of green and black which emphasizes both nature as well as a more sinister tone. The vast majority of colour shades provide the artwork with a spooky and mysterious monotone. One of my favorite aspects of â€Å"Plants eye view† is the very vivid and arresting effect it has on the audience.The artwork almost makes you believe that you are hallucinating, some audiences commented that it makes you feel like you are experiencing drugs. This piece of art could be symbolic of death or dying, which is another example of Laurence’s use of metaphor in her work. The artwork is a portrayal of the Tarkine forest in North West Tasmania. Janet Laurence has displayed the large endangered forest on a micro scale to suggest that it is a small and insignificant problem compared to the millions of endangered forestry in the world.She quot es â€Å"The Tarkine Forest is very close to my heart†. Janet said that she would often bushwalk through the Tarkine forest, as it contained a fragile but aggressive attitude which somehow made her feel at home. Laurence’s main aim was to accurately display her passion for the environment, and to let her audience experience the same incredible feeling of home as she did. She would often refer to the Tarkine Forest as a secret place that anybody could call home. The second artwork that I have chosen to annotate is â€Å"Heart shock†.This particular piece of artwork is a large dead tree that is artfully suspended upside down. Laurence has cleverly attached elongated transparent silican tubing to each branch, projecting a sinful shadow across the walls. Each tube is consumed with a mysterious fluid, acting like sap dripping from the decaying plant. This work is an excellent example of the way that the scientific use of the acrylic tubes could be compared to that in a laboratory for research purposes, and is symbolic of bringing life back to a dying or an ill object.The comparison to a scientific experiment that is connected to a laboratory is symbolic of Laurence’s interest in both science and its relationship to art which could be seen as another example of a metaphor in her work. â€Å"Heart shock† is a deeply artistic piece of work which contains a sad message. Laurence is attempting to show her audience the devastation of endangered plants through her artwork. Janet Laurence’s art work is an immersive experience for its viewers. She is able to draw people into the inspiring meaning behind each piece.Laurence’s work has been described as â€Å"echoing architecture while retaining a sense of the instability and transience found in nature†. Laurence has commonly worked with people’s reactions towards her artwork, she loves to view what people think, and create her next piece of work on her audienceâ €™s interaction with â€Å"nature†. An art reporter for â€Å"Featured gallery† quotes; â€Å"Through its reflective surfaces, the work engages the viewer directly as though we enter right into the landscape and become one with the nature. I personally love this quote because it proves that Janet Laurence has successfully delivered her message to her audience. In conclusion, Janet Laurence is an incredible artist who has an inspirational message to share with the world. She has a profound connection with nature, which creates a beautiful memorial to endangered environments. Laurence’s intelligent metaphorical connection between science and art has inspired people to take care of their environment. By Nancy Whiston

How the Internet Has Changed Life Essay

Our lives have changed beyond recognition since the Internet was launched in the year 1989. In a short space of 18 years people are already beginning to wonder how they would ever have coped without it. We use the it to send e-mail, pay out utility bills, reserve tickets for flights or theatre, update our bank accounts, apply for loans and mortgages, purchase stock market shares, browse and purchase items from Internet stores, and of course to check up on every kind of day to day information, e. g. news, weather and financial market indexes. Previously all these tasks entailed time-consuming and laborious physical procedures. see more:short paragraph on internet For example, finding time on a weekday to visit the bank was irksome and clashed with our 9-5 routine. We used the ‘snail-mail’ for our post, and queued up hours to get tickets to theatres or sports events. We couldn’t even think of getting a bank loan, or a mortgage, without a stern appointment with our bank manager, and most of our shopping was necessarily a chore. Many are opting to ‘telecommute’ as well, which means that they work from home with the PC connected to the office intranet, so they are able to avoid the horror of commuting to and from work daily. The Internet is now the primary means to secure a job. Students secure admissions to college and university online. After having got in they continue to depend on the Internet to collect course notes and other study materials, and even submit completed papers to their instructors. This is not to mention that the Internet is the greatest possible source of scholarly information. Not only is the university library at the student’s fingertips, but the Internet itself is the most comprehensive library imaginable. Even romance is not exempt from the digital domain. Through online dating agencies many people meet their future life partners and spouses on the Net. Not only work, the Internet has also become our station for play. ‘Browsing the Net’ has become our favorite pastime, and indeed an addiction for many. We frequent websites based on our favorite sports personalities and movie stars. ‘Web chatting’ is also a hugely popular pastime on the Internet, where live conversations and discussions are carried out on specially designed thematic forums. With the advent of ‘file sharing’ we are swapping and sharing music and videos over the Net based on fan clubs and interest groups. By a recent estimate (Lipsman 2008) 694 million people worldwide use the Internet on a regular basis. This is a measure of how far it has infiltrated and changed our lives. Paradoxically, the Internet was devised by the military and was originally meant for the most secretive information. It is now the very by-word for openness. Of course, as with every technology, there are attendant evils. Along with authentic and reliable information, there is a flood of vindictive and motivated propaganda. Just as scholars are able to meet on the net to advance knowledge, so do terrorists come together with their evil designs. Healthy entertainment is overwhelmed by the perverse form of it. In a recent study (Flichy 2007) it has been estimated that a quarter of all the websites are pornographic. The revered institution of copyright is being ravaged more and more everyday, where copyrighted material is being made freely available by unscrupulous parties, to the detriment of artists and inventors everywhere. The music industry is losing everyday its battle against the Internet piracy of music. Hackers also pose another looming menace. Not everything fed into the Internet is meant to be available to everyone. Much of it is personal or corporate information that is for restricted use. Hackers try to break into databases containing such information, purely for disruptive purposes. All the problems mentioned above derive from the characteristically open nature of the Internet. When it is abused it is open to evil, even to the same extent that it is a cause for good. In this last respect the Internet is affecting the most fundamental change to our society. It is the incursions into privacy, private property and decency that pose the gravest dangers, and therefore threatens to change our society in fundamental ways. All these dangers were apparent in the very early days of the Internet. Writing in the Encarta Yearbook of 1996 Gary Chapman says: This revolutionary information network ignores geographic and governmental barriers, undermines obscenity and pornography laws and restrictions, has the potential to invade individual privacy in numerous ways, and threatens to divide society between the information haves and have-nots. The government was quick to react to such alarm. In the same year Congress passed the CDA (Communications Decency Act) with the aim of cleansing the Internet of all forms of pornography. But is quickly became apparent to all parties that such a law was non-enforceable. As in all obscenity trials throughout the history of the country, the borders of obscenity could never be agreed upon. Any effort in this direction soon found itself in direct opposition to the First Amendment of the Constitution, that which protects free speech and opinion. Consequently, the following year the Supreme Court annulled the Congressional ruling as unconstitutional, and Justice John Paul Stevens (1997), in his summary of the Court’s opinion, identified the problem starkly: Notwithstanding the legitimacy and importance of the Congressional goal of protecting children from harmful materials, we agree with the three-judge District Court that the statute abridges â€Å"the freedom of speech† protected by the First Amendment. The Internet being the embodiment of free speech, it proved impossible to curtail it in any way. In more recent times Professor Lawrence Lessig of the University of Chicago has pointed to a deeper link between the Internet and the American psyche. Freedom of speech, he avers, is the fundamental tenet of American culture, and any encroachment on this principle threatens the nation as a whole. He opposes the new laws passed by Congress more recently that are aimed at stemming piracy: â€Å"What the law demands today is increasingly silly as a sheriff arresting an airplane for trespass. But the consequences of this silliness will be much more profound† (Lessig, 2004, p. 12). Lessig’s argument is that censorship has never been effectively carried out on American soil, and it is exactly this which has imbued character to the nation and has made it great. All the greatest accomplishment in art and science were result of free speech, he maintains. In his book Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture he goes on to show how Walt Disney was in effect the master pirate. He burst into the limelight in the year 1928 with the short animation â€Å"Steamboat Bill†, featuring the character of Mickey Mouse is a previous personification as Willie. Not only did this steal the name from Buster Keaton’s 1928 classic Steamboat Bill Jr but the plot and humor it as well. Lessig builds on this document by showing that each and every one of Disney’s sumptuous productions were concocted from material of various talent, none of whom are acknowledged. The special stamp of Disney came from the process of the mix, and even more so from the process of burn, by which his creation enters culture and becomes an integral part of the American psyche. â€Å"Rip, mix and burn,† he says is the formula behind America’s entrepreneurial success. It personified the American way to creativity, which must necessarily flourish in an environment of free speech: These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and protected creators and innovators from either state or private control. †¦ Our tradition was neither Soviet nor the tradition of patrons. It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and extend our culture. (Ibid, p. 10) Any form of censorship is to create a nobility of information, where only the privileged have access, and this is fundamentally un-American. â€Å"But it is nobility of any form that is alien to our culture† (Ibid, p. 11). Lessig avers hope for the Internet, even though he is unable to offer concrete examples of creativity emerging from the tumultuous mix that is the Internet. He reasons from history, tradition and the American ideal. At the heart of this ideal is â€Å"free speech†, and the Internet is the ultimate embodiment of it. It the experience of many that the Internet is a force for good, despite the endless avenues for corruption that it leaves open. The general verdict is that the good outweighs the evil, which is in line with the optimism expressed by Lessig. References Chapman, G. (1996). â€Å"The Internet: Promise and Peril in Cyberspace. † Encarta Yearbook, May 1996. New York: Microsoft Corporation. Flichy, P. (2007). The Internet Imaginaire. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Lessig, L. (2004). Free Culture: How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture. New York: Penguin Publishers.

Morality DOES Need Religion essays

Morality DOES Need Religion essays In his essay, C. Stephen Layman clashes two views of morality: that of the secular point of view and the religious point of view. Layman starts out by defining the two different stances. The secular point of view states that there is no after life and that morality was an emergent phenomenon. Also, the only goods are those that can be found on the earth. The religious perspective states that there is life after death, and therefore the goods one receives do not end with death. Also, morality was not an emergent phenomenon because God has always been in existence and God guides morality. Layman uses these two definitions to argue that morality does not make sense from the secular point of view and that morality really does need religion. Layman starts out by asking the question do we desert the moral point of view if we defend morality on the grounds that it pays? To answer this question, Layman states that we must start by defining the difference between the justification of an institution and the justification of a particular act within that institution. Layman uses the examples of etiquette and baseball to do this. He then asks the question that sets up the rest of his argument: does morality pay? He then gives four reasons why morality doesnt pay from the secular perspective. In Laymans terms, from the secular perspective, it is unclear why moral concern must extend beyond ones society. Also, in the secular perspective, one can break morality rules in secret. It is here that Layman inserts the notion that one cant break rules in secret from the religious view because God sees all. Layman points out that morality doesnt pay for everyone in the secular perspective because there are those free-loaders that will benefit although they are not moral. Laymans last argument is that from the secular point o ...

A policy of imperialism in America

A policy of imperialism in America From the late 1800s through the early 1900s, Americans pursued a policy of imperialism that became referenced as Social Darwinism. This Imperialist Age left a positive impact on America through the military and economic worlds. Leading the nations, the United States felt that colonies were crucial to military power. Militarism and imperialism were both connected. They were connected because imperialism meant the stronger taking control of the weaker and having a strong military is what America wanted to have to be the more powerful nation and take control. Europeans have been taking control for years and America didn’t want to be next Imperialism made the military row stronger for its country. In the 19th century, military power was a form of imperial strength. A nation needed a strong military to protect its interests and support its policies. â€Å"Seeing that other nations were establishing a global military presence, American leaders advised that the United States build up its own military strength†(Holt 549) Strong armies and navies were needed to take care of the United States, to protect trade among other countries, and stay strong against threats and rivals. Admiral Alfred T. Mahan of the U.S. Navy urged the government officials to strengthen and put time/money into the American naval power. â€Å"As a result of the urging of Mahan and others, the United States built nine steel-hulled cruisers between 1883 and 1890†(Holt 549). This was done in order to compete with other nations. Governments and leaders who have not been able to maintain their armies and navies are considered less than or weaker than other countries. Americans military strengthened and overcame many obstacles for it to be one of the armies of the leading nations.This wasn’t the only positive effect but also. In the late 19th century, advances in technology enabled American farms and factories to produce more than the average amount of American citizens could consume. The United States needed more material for the factories and new, different markets for its goods. â€Å"Imperialists viewed foreign trade as the solution to American overproduction and the related problems of unemployment and economic depression†(Holt 549). The motive for nineteenth-century European imperialism is that imperialism would benefit the economies of the colonial powers. Some Americans formed the idea that Social Darwinism came into play. â€Å"A belief that free-market competition would lead to the survival of the fittest†(Holt 550). America was growing and reaching to the top of the economy list of the world and many believed that the United States had the responsibility to help the inferior peoples. Because the American economy advanced and produce more goods, the country became richer than ever and helped make the economy boom. Overall imperialism really had a major factor when having the United States military grow stronger as it pushed the country to protect its interests and support its policies. But also help the economy rise, advance in technology, and produce more goods.

Judgment of Auditors Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Judgment of Auditors - Research Paper Example The auditor has to be independent and objective during all the instances that he has to rely upon his judgment to assess the impact of any evidence and should be careful that his independence and objectivity is not impaired. In the start of the audit, the auditor plans his course of work that has to be performed during the audit of any client. During the planning, the auditor accounts for the client business risk, operations, position of the client, financial health and other audit determiners. The level of work that is to be performed by the auditor provides the auditor to plan the work and allocate the working hours of the audit for which the previous year’s hours are taken as a base and a time budget is prepared for the audit to be conducted in a timely manner.   During the preparation of the budget, the managers, as well as the seniors, lay emphasis on the cost control because of the fact that their motivation is provided through the evaluation of their performance. The firm also communicates it to the seniors as well as the managers regarding the fees that the firm will obtain from a particular client and this is communicated well before the preparation of the time budgets so that the short term profitability can be kept in mind. This approach of the auditors impairs the judgment and therefore the independence and the objectivity of the audit as the auditors pay less attention to the audit and exercise lesser judgment and expertise due to lack of time and pressure to complete the work on time. The increased fee pressure tends to decrease the positive impact on the risk assessment of the auditor and that has a direct consequence on the auditor’s judgment which may later impair the objectivity of the audit.